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HOW TO
MAKE RESERVATION?
You can make a reservation on Hotel,Airticket & Tour by
E-mail, Fax or Phone. Our office hours: 08:30-18:00(GMT+08:00).
Because of the time difference, it would be better to reserve
by email or message board out of our working hours. Each of
your requests will be respond promptly. You can get our contact
information in our website. Once the tour is confirmed by both
of us, the reservation is made. At the same time, a deposit
is required, and the amount depends on what tour you plan.
The balance you can pay us, upon you arrive Beijing. |
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China has been
a major travel destination of the world and attract
more and more tourists from all over the world.China
will be more important to the 2lst century. Fascination
with Chinese past, Chinese present, and Chinese future… |
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China History
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| China History |
ZHOU (11TH CENTURY-256BC)
King Zhou (zhouwang  ),
the last king of Shang dynasty was a despotic tyrant
and was overthrown by the Zhou (no relation), a tribe
from the west. The Zhou dynasty would become longest
ruling dynasty in Chinese history, lasting over 770
years. Initially the Zhou dynasty made its capital
in Xi'an, Shananxi Province, but the capital was later
moved east to Luoyang in Henan Province. Historians
divide the Zhou dynasty into Western Zhou and Eastern
Zhou because of this shift. |
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The king of the Western Zhou distributed
his lands as fiefs to the nobles of his clan. These nobles
then established vassal states around the Zhou capital,
protecting the ruling authority in the center. The Zhou
rules created an elaborate system of ceremonial rites with
every rite matched to music and dance. The Zhou, as a method
of control over their subjects, used these rites by explaining
the nature of the Zhou's supremacy and legitimacy to rule.
By performing the rituals, the Zhou believed they maintained
the "Mandate
of Heaven." As long as the ruling elite continued
to have this mandate, their authority to rule remained
divinely ordained.
During the rule of King Ping, the capital was moved
to Luoyang to escape the threat of the Quanrong, a tribe
from the west. This marked the beginning of the Eastern
Zhou dynasty. The Eastern Zhou is further subdivided into
two periods, the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring
States period.
The power of the Zhou kings was
slowly whittled away as powerful nobles began to contend
for power and only paid nominal homage the king. Eventually
the authority of the Zhou kings only extended to their
territories immediately surrounding Louyang. The most influential
Zhou dukes became so powerful they were called "The
Five Overlords of the Spring and Autumn Period." |
Under a state of constant warfare and
expansion, the social system of the eastern Zhou changed
radically. New technologies made their impact felt – the
development of iron tools over stone tools coupled with
the harnessing of animal power significantly increased
agriculture, trade also grew and the first merchants and
trades appeared.
The social classes also became more clearly defined into
four groups-the scholar (shi  ),
peasant farmer (nong  )，manual
laborer (gong  )
and merchant (shang  ).
The social system outgrew the simplistic structure that the
western Zhou rites had established. What was desperately
needed was a written code. |
Enter Confucius, China's most influential teacher
and philosopher who lived from 551 to 479 BC, during one
of the China's most
turbulent periods. This was a transitional time, a period
between dynasties when local warlords fought for supremacy-a
reoccurring theme in Chinese history. Confucius's theories
and teachings would eventually be known simply as Confucianism
(ru jia  ).
His core belief stresses the idea of ren (ren  )，which
is a proximately translated as benevolence, something he
felt that society sorely lacked. Confucius traveled extensively,
hoping to influence local leaders. On his travels he picked
up a large following of students who continued his teaching
after his death, thus laying the foundation for the Confucian
school of thought, which continues to influence Asia to
this day.
Once the Zhou dynasty became nothing but a name, the
battle for supremacy intensified. The most powerful to these
competing kingdoms are known as the "Seven Overlords." Each
competing kingdom sought any advantage they could find over
their rivals-this was a dynamic time replete with reforms
and stratagems. It was the Qin kingdom that most successfully
reformed and adapted itself politically, economically and
technologically to the changing times. |
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Under the Zhou, the ruling elite held
a monopoly on power and were able to define what was culture.
With the upheavals of Warring States period, a new scholarly
class (shi ren  )
emerged at the cultural forefront. These scholars formed
differing schools of thought, each offering their services
as advisors in hopes of gaining influence. Out of this
developed the "Hundred Schools of thought," which
promoted the development of systematic learning. |
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